Height

5-10cm 40-60cm

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One of the few deciduous conifers. Bright fresh-green needles in spring and striking golden-yellow autumn colour. Moderately fast-growing with strong, durable timber valued for fencing, gates, outdoor construction and boat-building. Good nurse tree (casts light shade), improves soil phosphorus status, and provides wildlife value. Attractive conical form for large gardens or woodland settings.

Key growing conditions

• Full sun (strong light-demander)
• Deep, moist but free-draining soils of poor to medium fertility; acid to neutral preferred
• Avoid waterlogged, compacted, very dry, shallow or extremely nutrient-poor soils
• Wind-firm but suffers on highly exposed sites; susceptible to early spring frosts (can lead to canker)
• Fully hardy; prefers cooler, more continental conditions

When to plant

• Dormant season (November–March), ideally completed before early flushing begins

How to plant

• Dig a suitable hole; plant so the root collar is at soil level
• Firm gently and water if conditions are dry
• Space at approx. 2 × 2 m (2,500 plants/ha) for timber production; give more room for specimen trees (mature height often 20–30 m+)

Aftercare

• Weed control important in early years
• Water during prolonged dry spells for the first 1–2 years
• Thin plantations early and regularly (start before 10 m height) to maintain crown density 
• No regular pruning needed